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<title>Apollo Lunar Module</title>

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</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em;"><caption class="infobox-title">Apollo Lunar Module</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a> Lunar Module <i>Antares</i> on the Moon's surface, February 1971</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Grumman" title="Grumman">Grumman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Thomas_J._Kelly_(aerospace_engineer)" title="Thomas J. Kelly (aerospace engineer)">Thomas J. Kelly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Applications</th><td class="infobox-data">Crewed <a href="Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">lunar landing</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Lunar_lander" title="Lunar lander">Lunar lander</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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<ul><li>33,500 lb (15,200 kg) standard</li>

<li>36,200 lb (16,400 kg) extended</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dry mass</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li>9,430 lb (4,280 kg) standard</li>

<li>10,850 lb (4,920 kg) extended</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crew capacity</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Volume</th><td class="infobox-data">235 cu ft (6.7 m<sup>3</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">28 V DC, 115 V 400 Hz AC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Batteries</th><td class="infobox-data">Six or seven 28–32-volt, 296 <a href="Ampere_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampere hour">ampere hour</a> <a href="Silver-oxide_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver-oxide battery">silver-zinc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">Lunar orbit</a></li><li><a href="Lunar_landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar landing">Lunar landing</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design life</th><td class="infobox-data">75 hours (extended)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">23 ft 1 in (7.04 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">13 ft 10 in (4.22 m) without landing gear</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">31 ft (9.4 m), landing gear deployed</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Production</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Retired</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">15</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">10</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operational</th><td class="infobox-data">10</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Retired</th><td class="infobox-data">1972</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Failed</th><td class="infobox-data">0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lost</th><td class="infobox-data">0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maiden launch</th><td class="infobox-data">January 22, 1968</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last launch</th><td class="infobox-data">December 7, 1972</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last retirement</th><td class="infobox-data">December 14, 1972</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Related spacecraft</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flown with</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Apollo_Command_and_Service_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Command and Service Module">Apollo Command and Service Module</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Configuration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><br></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Apollo Lunar Module</b> (<b>LM</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</span></span>), originally designated the <b>Lunar Excursion Module</b> (<b>LEM</b>), was the <a href="Lunar_lander" title="Lunar lander">lunar lander</a> <a href="Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> that was flown between <a href="Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">lunar orbit</a> and the Moon's surface during the United States' <a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>. It was the first crewed spacecraft to operate exclusively in space, and remains the only crewed vehicle to land anywhere beyond Earth.

</p><p>Structurally and aerodynamically incapable of flight through Earth's atmosphere, the <a href="Multistage_rocket" title="Multistage rocket">two-stage</a> Lunar Module was ferried to lunar orbit attached to the <a href="Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo command and service module</a> (CSM), about twice its mass. Its crew of two flew the Lunar Module from lunar orbit to the Moon's surface. During takeoff, the spent descent stage was used as a launch pad for the ascent stage which then <a href="Lunar_orbit_rendezvous" title="Lunar orbit rendezvous">flew back to the command module</a>, after which it was also discarded.

</p><p>Overseen by <a href="Grumman" title="Grumman">Grumman</a>, the LM's development was plagued with problems that delayed its first uncrewed flight by about ten months and its first crewed flight by about three months. Regardless, the LM became the most reliable component of the Apollo–Saturn <a href="Space_vehicle" title="Space vehicle">space vehicle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total cost of the LM for development and the units produced was $21.65 billion in 2016 dollars, adjusting from a nominal total of $2.29 billion<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using the NASA New Start Inflation Indices.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Ten Lunar Modules were launched into space. Of these, six were landed by humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972. The first two flown were tests in <a href="Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>: <a href="Apollo_5" title="Apollo 5">Apollo 5</a>, without a crew; and <a href="Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a> with a crew. A third test flight in low lunar orbit was <a href="Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a>, a dress rehearsal for the first landing, conducted on <a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>. The <a href="Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a> Lunar Module functioned as a lifeboat to provide life support and propulsion to keep the crew alive for the trip home, when their CSM was disabled by an oxygen tank explosion <i>en route</i> to the Moon.

</p><p>The six landed descent stages remain at their landing sites; their corresponding ascent stages crashed into the Moon following use. One ascent stage (Apollo 10's <i>Snoopy</i>) was discarded in a <a href="Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">heliocentric orbit</a> after its descent stage was discarded in lunar orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other three LMs were destroyed during controlled re-entry in the Earth's atmosphere: the four stages of <a href="Apollo_5" title="Apollo 5">Apollo 5</a> and <a href="Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a> each re-entered separately, while Apollo 13's <i>Aquarius</i> re-entered as a unit.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_profile">Operational profile</h2></div>

<p>At launch, the Lunar Module sat directly beneath the <a href="Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">command and service module</a> (CSM) with legs folded, inside the <a href="Apollo_(spacecraft)#Spacecraft–lunar_module_adapter_(SLA)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Spacecraft-to-LM adapter (SLA)</a> attached to the <a href="S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> third stage of the <a href="Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket. There it remained through Earth parking orbit and the <a href="Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">trans-lunar injection</a> (TLI) rocket burn to send the craft toward the Moon.

</p><p>Soon after TLI, the SLA opened; the CSM <a href="Transposition%2C_docking%2C_and_extraction" title="Transposition, docking, and extraction">performed a maneuver</a> whereby it separated, turned around, came back to dock with the Lunar Module, and extracted it from the S-IVB. During the flight to the Moon, the docking hatches were opened and the Lunar Module pilot entered the LM to power up temporarily and test all systems except propulsion. The Lunar Module pilot performed the role of an engineering officer, monitoring the systems of both spacecraft.

</p><p>After achieving a lunar parking orbit, the commander and LM pilot entered and powered up the LM, replaced the hatches and docking equipment, unfolded and locked its landing legs, and separated from the CSM, flying independently. The commander operated the flight controls and engine throttle, while the Lunar Module pilot operated other spacecraft systems and kept the commander informed about systems status and navigational information. After the command module pilot visually inspected the <a href="Landing_gear_(spaceflight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing gear (spaceflight)">landing gear</a>, the LM was withdrawn to a safe distance, then rotated until the <a href="Descent_propulsion_system" title="Descent propulsion system">descent engine</a> was pointed forward into the direction of travel. A 30-second descent orbit insertion burn was performed to reduce speed and drop the LM's <a href="Perilune" class="mw-redirect" title="Perilune">perilune</a> to within about 50,000 feet (15 km) of the surface,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about 260 nautical miles (480 km) uprange of the landing site.

</p>

<p>As the craft approached perilune, the descent engine was started again to begin powered descent. During this time, the crew flew on their backs, depending on the computer to slow the craft's forward and vertical velocity to near zero. Control was exercised with a combination of engine throttling and attitude thrusters, guided by the computer with the aid of landing radar. During braking, the LM descended to about 10,000 feet (3.0 km), then, in the final approach phase, down to about 700 feet (210 m). During final approach, the vehicle pitched over to a near-vertical position, allowing the crew to look forward and down to see the lunar surface for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Astronauts flew Apollo spacecraft manually only during the lunar approach.<sup id="cite_ref-agle199809_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agle199809-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final landing phase began about 2,000 feet (0.61 km) uprange of the targeted landing site. At this point, manual control was enabled for the commander, who had enough <a href="Liquid_rocket_propellant" title="Liquid rocket propellant">propellant</a> to hover for up to two minutes to survey where the computer was taking the craft and make any necessary corrections. If necessary, landing could have been aborted at almost any time by jettisoning the descent stage and firing the ascent engine to climb back into orbit for an emergency return to the CSM. Finally, one or more of three 67.2-inch (1.71 m) probes extending from footpads on the legs of the lander touched the surface, activating the contact indicator light which signaled the commander to shut off the descent engine, allowing the LM to settle onto the surface. On touchdown, the probes would be bent as much as 180 degrees, or even break off. The original design used the probes on all four legs, but starting with the first landing (LM-5 on Apollo 11), the one at the ladder was removed out of concern that the bent probe after landing might puncture an astronaut's suit as he descended or stepped off the ladder.

</p><p>The original <a href="Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">extravehicular activity</a> plan, up through at least 1966, was for only one astronaut to leave the LM while the other remained inside "to maintain communications".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communications were eventually deemed to be reliable enough to allow both crew members to walk on the surface, leaving the spacecraft to be only remotely attended by Mission Control.

</p><p>Beginning with <a href="Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>, extra LM propellant was made available for the powered descent and landing, by using the CSM engine to achieve the 50,000-foot (15 km) perilune. After the spacecraft undocked, the CSM raised and circularized its orbit for the remainder of the mission.

</p><p>When ready to leave the Moon, the LM's ascent engine fired, leaving the descent stage on the Moon's surface. After a few course correction burns, the LM rendezvoused with the CSM and docked to transfer the crew and rock samples. Having completed its job, the ascent stage was separated. The Apollo 10 ascent stage engine was fired until its fuel was used up, sending it past the Moon into a <a href="Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">heliocentric orbit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_apollo10_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa_apollo10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-disposition_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-disposition-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> ascent stage was left in lunar orbit to eventually crash; all subsequent ascent stages (except for Apollo 13) were intentionally steered into the Moon to obtain readings from seismometers placed on the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The Lunar Module (originally designated the Lunar Excursion Module, known by the <a href="Acronym_and_initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Acronym and initialism">acronym</a> LEM) was designed after NASA <a href="Project_Apollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Apollo">chose to reach the Moon</a> via <a href="Lunar_Orbit_Rendezvous" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Orbit Rendezvous">Lunar Orbit Rendezvous</a> (LOR) instead of the <a href="Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">direct ascent</a> or <a href="Earth_Orbit_Rendezvous" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth Orbit Rendezvous">Earth Orbit Rendezvous</a> (EOR) methods. Both direct ascent and EOR would have involved landing a much heavier, complete Apollo spacecraft on the Moon. Once the decision had been made to proceed using LOR, it became necessary to produce a separate craft capable of reaching the lunar surface and ascending back to lunar orbit.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contract_letting_and_construction_location">Contract letting and construction location</h3></div>

<p>In July 1962, eleven firms were invited to submit proposals for the LEM. Nine companies responded in September, answering 20 questions posed by the NASA RFP in a 60-page limited technical proposal. <a href="Grumman" title="Grumman">Grumman</a> was awarded the contract officially on November 7, 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grumman had begun lunar orbit rendezvous studies in the late 1950s and again in 1961. The contract cost was expected to be around $350 million.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were initially four major subcontractors: <a href="Bell_Aerosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Aerosystems">Bell Aerosystems</a> (<a href="Ascent_Propulsion_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascent Propulsion System">ascent engine</a>), <a href="Hamilton_Standard" title="Hamilton Standard">Hamilton Standard</a> (<a href="Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">environmental control systems</a>), <a href="Marquardt_Corporation" title="Marquardt Corporation">Marquardt</a> (<a href="Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">reaction control system</a>) and <a href="Rocketdyne" title="Rocketdyne">Rocketdyne</a> (<a href="Descent_Propulsion_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Descent Propulsion System">descent engine</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Apollo_PGNCS" title="Apollo PGNCS">Primary Guidance, Navigation and Control System</a> (PGNCS) was developed by the <a href="Charles_Stark_Draper_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Stark Draper Laboratory">MIT Instrumentation Laboratory</a>; the <a href="Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">Apollo Guidance Computer</a> was manufactured by <a href="Raytheon" title="Raytheon">Raytheon</a> (a similar guidance system was used in the <a href="Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">command module</a>). A backup navigation tool, the <a href="Apollo_Abort_Guidance_System" title="Apollo Abort Guidance System">Abort Guidance System</a> (AGS), was developed by <a href="TRW_Inc." title="TRW Inc.">TRW</a>. The landing gear was manufactured by <a href="H%C3%A9roux-Devtek" title="Héroux-Devtek">Héroux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Apollo Lunar Module was assembled in a Grumman factory in <a href="Bethpage%2C_New_York" title="Bethpage, New York">Bethpage, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_Jan182018_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_Jan182018-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newsday_Jul192019_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsday_Jul192019-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_phase">Design phase</h3></div>

<p>The Apollo Lunar Module was chiefly designed by Grumman aerospace engineer <a href="Thomas_J._Kelly_(aerospace_engineer)" title="Thomas J. Kelly (aerospace engineer)">Thomas J. Kelly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first LEM design looked like a smaller version of the Apollo command and service module (a cone-shaped cabin atop a cylindrical propulsion section) with folding legs. The second design invoked the idea of a helicopter cockpit with large curved windows and seats to improve the astronauts' visibility for hover and landing. This also included a second, forward docking port, allowing the LEM crew to take an active role in docking with the CSM.

</p><p>As the program continued, there were numerous redesigns to save weight, improve safety, and fix problems. First to go were the heavy cockpit windows and the seats; the astronauts would stand while flying the LEM, supported by a cable and pulley system, with smaller triangular windows giving them sufficient visibility of the landing site. Later, the redundant forward docking port was removed, which meant the Command Pilot gave up active control of the docking to the Command Module Pilot; he could still see the approaching CSM through a small overhead window. Egress while wearing bulky extra-vehicular activity spacesuits was eased by a simpler forward hatch (32 in × 32 in or 810 mm × 810 mm).

</p><p>The configuration was frozen in April 1963, when the ascent and descent engine designs were decided. In addition to Rocketdyne, a parallel program for the descent engine<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was ordered from <a href="TRW_Inc.#Space_exploration" title="TRW Inc.">Space Technology Laboratories (TRW)</a> in July 1963, and by January 1965 the Rocketdyne contract was cancelled.

</p><p>Power was initially to be produced by <a href="Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a> built by <a href="Pratt_and_Whitney" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratt and Whitney">Pratt and Whitney</a> similar to the CSM, but in March 1965 these were discarded in favor of an all-battery design.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The initial design had three landing legs, the lightest possible configuration. But as any particular leg would have to carry the weight of the vehicle if it landed at a significant angle, this was also the least stable configuration if one of the legs were damaged during landing. The next landing gear design iteration had five legs and was the most stable configuration for landing on an unknown terrain. That configuration, however, was too heavy and the designers compromised on four landing legs.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In June 1966, the name was changed to Lunar Module (LM), eliminating the word <i>excursion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="George_Low" title="George Low">George Low</a>, Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, this was because NASA was afraid that the word <i>excursion</i> might lend a frivolous note to Apollo.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the name change, the astronauts and other NASA and Grumman personnel continued to pronounce the abbreviation as (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</span></span>) instead of the letters "L-M".

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronaut_training">Astronaut training</h3></div>

<p>Comparing landing on the Moon to "a hovering operation", <a href="Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a> said in 1963 that although most early astronauts were fighter pilots, "now we're wondering if the pilot making this first moon landing shouldn't be a highly experienced helicopter pilot".<sup id="cite_ref-grissom196302_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grissom196302-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To allow astronauts to learn lunar landing techniques, NASA contracted <a href="Bell_Aerosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Aerosystems">Bell Aerosystems</a> in 1964 to build the <a href="Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle" title="Lunar Landing Research Vehicle">Lunar Landing Research Vehicle</a> (LLRV), which used a <a href="Gimbal" title="Gimbal">gimbal</a>-mounted vertical jet engine to counter five-sixths of its weight to simulate the Moon's gravity, in addition to its own hydrogen peroxide thrusters to simulate the LM's descent engine and attitude control. Successful testing of two LLRV prototypes at the <a href="Dryden_Flight_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Dryden Flight Research Center">Dryden Flight Research Center</a> led in 1966 to three production Lunar Landing Training Vehicles (LLTV) which along with the LLRV's were used to train the astronauts at the Houston Manned Spacecraft Center. This aircraft proved fairly dangerous to fly, as three of the five were destroyed in crashes. It was equipped with a rocket-powered ejection seat, so in each case the pilot survived, including the first man to walk on the Moon, <a href="Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ugly_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ugly-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_flights">Development flights</h3></div>

<p>LM-1 was built to make the first uncrewed flight for propulsion systems testing, launched into low Earth orbit atop a <a href="Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a>. This was originally planned for April 1967, to be followed by the first crewed flight later that year. But the LM's development problems had been underestimated, and LM-1's flight was delayed until January 22, 1968, as <a href="Apollo_5" title="Apollo 5">Apollo 5</a>. At that time, LM-2 was held in reserve in case the LM-1 flight failed, which did not happen.

</p><p>LM-3 now became the first crewed LM, again to be flown in low Earth orbit to test all the systems and practice the separation, rendezvous, and docking planned for <a href="Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> in December 1968. But again, last-minute problems delayed its flight until <a href="Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a> on March 3, 1969. A second, higher Earth orbit crewed practice flight had been planned to follow LM-3, but this was cancelled to keep the program timeline on track. <a href="Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a> launched on May 18, 1969, using LM-4 for a "dress rehearsal" for the lunar landing, practicing all phases of the mission except powered descent initiation through takeoff. The LM descended to 47,400 feet (9.0 mi; 14.4 km) above the lunar surface, then jettisoned the descent stage and used its ascent engine to return to the CSM.<sup id="cite_ref-chariots11-2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chariots11-2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_flights">Production flights</h3></div>

<p>The first crewed lunar landing occurred on July 20, 1969, in the <a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> <a href="Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">LM-5 <i>Eagle</i></a>. Four days later, the Apollo 11 crew in the <a href="Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">command module <i>Columbia</i></a> splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, completing <a href="Apollo_program#Background" title="Apollo program">President John F. Kennedy's goal</a>: "...before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth".

</p><p>This was followed by landings by <a href="Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a> (LM-6 <i>Intrepid</i>) and <a href="Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a> (LM-8 <i>Antares</i>). In April 1970, the <a href="Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a> LM-7 <i>Aquarius</i> saved the lives of the three astronauts after an oxygen tank in the <a href="Apollo_command_and_service_module#Service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">service module</a> ruptured, disabling the CSM. <i>Aquarius</i> served as a "lifeboat" for the astronauts during their return to Earth. Its <a href="Descent_propulsion_system" title="Descent propulsion system">descent stage engine</a><sup id="cite_ref-NASA_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was used to replace the crippled CSM Service Propulsion System engine,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its batteries supplied power for the trip home and recharged the Command Module's batteries critical for reentry. The astronauts splashed down safely in the <a href="Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">South Pacific Ocean</a> on April 17, 1970. The LM's systems, designed to support two astronauts for 45 hours (including two depressurization and repressurization cycles, causing loss of oxygen supply), actually stretched to support three astronauts for 90 hours (without pressurization cycles and loss of oxygen).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Hover times were maximized on the last four landing missions by using the Service Module engine to perform the initial descent orbit insertion burn 22 hours before the LM separated from the CSM, a practice begun on Apollo 14. This meant that the complete spacecraft, including the CSM, orbited the Moon with a 9.1-nautical-mile (16.9 km) perilune, enabling the LM to begin its powered descent from that altitude with a full load of descent stage propellant, leaving more reserve propellant for the final approach. The CSM would then raise its perilune back to the normal 60 nautical miles (110 km).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extended_J-class_missions">Extended J-class missions</h3></div>

<p>The Extended Lunar Module (ELM) used on the final three <a href="List_of_Apollo_missions#Alphabetical_mission_types" title="List of Apollo missions">"J-class missions"</a>—<a href="Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>, <a href="Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a>, and <a href="Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a>—was upgraded. The descent engine thrust was increased by the addition of a 10-inch (250 mm) extension to the <a href="Bell_nozzle" title="Bell nozzle">engine bell</a>, and the descent propellant tanks were enlarged. A waste storage tank was added to the descent stage, with plumbing from the ascent stage. These upgrades allowed stays of up to 75 hours on the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> was folded up and carried in Quadrant 1 of the descent stage. It was deployed by the astronauts after landing.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2></div>

<p><i>Weights given here are an average for the original pre-ELM spec vehicles.</i>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ascent_stage">Ascent stage</h3></div>

<p>The ascent stage contained the crew cabin with instrument panels and flight controls. It contained its own <a href="Ascent_propulsion_system" title="Ascent propulsion system">ascent propulsion system</a> (APS) engine and two <a href="Hypergolic_propellant" title="Hypergolic propellant">hypergolic propellant</a> tanks for return to lunar orbit and rendezvous with the <a href="Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo command and service module</a>. It also contained a reaction control system (RCS) for <a href="Spacecraft_attitude_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude</a> and <a href="Translation_(geometry)" title="Translation (geometry)">translation</a> control, which consisted of sixteen hypergolic thrusters similar to those used on the Service Module, mounted in four quads, with their own propellant supply. A forward extravehicular activity hatch provided access to and from the lunar surface, while an overhead hatch and docking port provided access to and from the Command Module.

</p><p>Internal equipment included an environmental control (life support) system; a <a href="Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">very high frequency</a> (VHF) communications system with two antennas for communication with the Command Module; a <a href="Unified_S-band" title="Unified S-band">unified S-band</a> system and steerable <a href="Parabolic_antenna" title="Parabolic antenna">parabolic dish antenna</a> for communication with Earth; an extravehicular activity antenna resembling a miniature parasol which relayed communications from antennas on the astronauts' <a href="Primary_life_support_system" title="Primary life support system">Portable Life Support Systems</a> through the LM; <a href="Apollo_PGNCS" title="Apollo PGNCS">primary (PGNCS)</a> and <a href="Apollo_Abort_Guidance_System" title="Apollo Abort Guidance System">backup (AGS)</a> guidance and navigation systems; an <a href="Apollo_PGNCS#Optical_unit" title="Apollo PGNCS">Alignment Optical Telescope</a> for visually determining the spacecraft orientation; rendezvous radar with its own steerable dish antenna; and a system for active thermal control. Electrical storage batteries, cooling water, and breathing oxygen were stored in amounts sufficient for a lunar surface stay of 48 hours initially, extended to 75 hours for the later missions.

</p><p>During rest periods, while parked on the Moon, the crew would sleep on hammocks slung across the cabin.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The return payload included the lunar rock and soil samples collected by the crew (as much as 238 pounds (108 kg) on Apollo 17), plus their exposed <a href="Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a>.

</p>

<li>Crew cabin volume: 235 cu ft (6.7 m<sup>3</sup>)</li>

<li>Habitable volume: 160 cu ft (4.5 m<sup>3</sup>)</li>

<li>Crew compartment height: 7 ft 8 in (2.34 m)</li>

<li>Crew compartment depth: 3 ft 6 in (1.07 m)</li>

<li>Height: 9 ft 3.5 in (2.832 m)</li>

<li>Width: 14 ft 1 in (4.29 m)</li>

<li>Depth: 13 ft 3 in (4.04 m)</li>

<li>Mass, gross: 10,300 lb (4,700 kg)</li>

<li>Atmosphere: 100% oxygen at 4.8 psi (33 kPa)</li>

<li>Water: two 42.5 lb (19.3 kg) storage tanks</li>

<li>Coolant: 25 pounds (11 kg) of <a href="Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">ethylene glycol</a> / water solution</li>

<li>Thermal Control: one active water-ice <a href="Sublimatory" title="Sublimatory">sublimator</a></li>

<li>RCS propellant mass: 633 lb (287 kg)</li>

<li>RCS thrusters: Sixteen × 100 lbf (440 N) in four quads</li>

<li>RCS propellants: <a href="Aerozine_50" title="Aerozine 50">Aerozine 50</a> fuel / <a href="Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">Dinitrogen tetroxide</a> (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) oxidizer</li>

<li>RCS <a href="Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">specific impulse</a>: 290 s (2.8 km/s)</li>

<li>APS propellant mass: 5,187 lb (2,353 kg) stored in two 36-cubic-foot (1.02 m<sup>3</sup>) propellant tanks</li>

<li>APS engine: <a href="Bell_Aircraft" title="Bell Aircraft">Bell Aerospace</a> <a href="Ascent_Propulsion_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascent Propulsion System">LM Ascent Engine</a> (LMAE) and <a href="Pratt_%26_Whitney_Rocketdyne" title="Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne">Rocketdyne</a> LMAE Injectors</li>

<li>APS thrust: 3,500 lbf (16,000 N)</li>

<li>APS propellants: Aerozine 50 fuel / Dinitrogen Tetroxide oxidizer</li>

<li>APS pressurant: Two 6.4 lb (2.9 kg) helium tanks at 3,000 pounds per square inch (21 MPa)</li>

<li>APS <a href="Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">specific impulse</a>: 311 s (3.05 km/s)</li>

<li>APS <a href="Delta-v" title="Delta-v">delta-V</a>: 7,280 ft/s (2,220 m/s)</li>

<li><a href="Thrust-to-weight_ratio" title="Thrust-to-weight ratio">Thrust-to-weight ratio</a> at liftoff: 2.124 (in lunar gravity)</li>

<li>Batteries: Two 28–32 volt, 296 <a href="Ampere_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampere hour">ampere hour</a> <a href="Silver-zinc_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver-zinc batteries">Silver-zinc batteries</a>; 125 lb (57 kg) each</li>

<li>Power: 28 V DC, 115 V 400 Hz AC</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descent_stage">Descent stage</h3></div>

<p>The descent stage's primary job was to support a powered landing and surface extravehicular activity. When the excursion was over, it served as the launch pad for the ascent stage. Its octagonal shape was supported by four folding landing gear legs, and contained a <a href="Throttle" title="Throttle">throttleable</a> <a href="Descent_Propulsion_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Descent Propulsion System">Descent Propulsion System</a> (DPS) engine with four <a href="Hypergolic_propellant" title="Hypergolic propellant">hypergolic propellant</a> tanks. A <a href="Continuous-wave_radar" title="Continuous-wave radar">continuous-wave</a> <a href="Doppler_radar" title="Doppler radar">Doppler radar</a> antenna was mounted by the engine <a href="Heat_shield" title="Heat shield">heat shield</a> on the bottom surface, to send altitude and rate of descent data to the guidance system and pilot display during the landing.

</p><p>Almost all external surfaces, except for the top, platform, ladder, descent engine and heat shield, were covered in amber, dark (reddish) amber, black, silver, and yellow aluminized <a href="Kapton" title="Kapton">Kapton</a> foil blankets for <a href="Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a>. The number 1 (front) landing leg had an attached platform (informally known as the "porch") in front of the ascent stage's extravehicular activity hatch and a ladder, which the astronauts used to ascend and descend between the cabin and the surface. The landing pad of each leg incorporated a 67-inch-long (1.7 m) surface contact sensor probe, which signaled the commander to switch off the descent engine. The probe was omitted from the number 1 leg of every landing mission, to avoid a suit-puncture hazard to the astronauts, as the probes tended to break off and protrude upwards from the surface. For suspension, each leg incorporated an aluminum honeycomb shock absorber that would crumple on impact; the actual landings were softer than anticipated, using less of the compression range and leaving the leg's attached ladder higher off the surface than intended.

</p><p>Equipment for the lunar exploration was carried in the modular equipment stowage assembly (MESA), a drawer mounted on a hinged panel dropping out of the lefthand forward compartment. Besides the astronaut's surface excavation tools and sample collection boxes, the MESA contained a television camera with a tripod;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the commander opened the MESA by pulling on a lanyard while descending the ladder, the camera was automatically activated to send the first pictures of the astronauts on the surface back to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="Lunar_Flag_Assembly" title="Lunar Flag Assembly">United States flag</a> for the astronauts to erect on the surface was carried in a container mounted on the ladder of each landing mission.

</p><p>The Early Apollo Surface Experiments Package<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (later the <a href="Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package</a>) was carried in the opposite compartment behind the LM. An external compartment on the right front panel carried a deployable <a href="S_band" title="S band">S-band</a> antenna which, when opened, looked like an inverted umbrella on a tripod. This was not used on the first landing due to time constraints, and the fact that communications were being received using the LM's S-band antenna but was used on Apollo 12 and 14.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hand-pulled <a href="Modular_Equipment_Transporter" title="Modular Equipment Transporter">Modular Equipment Transporter</a> (MET), similar in appearance to a golf cart, was carried on Apollo 14 to facilitate carrying the tools and samples on extended moonwalks.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the extended missions (<a href="Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> and later), the antenna and TV camera were mounted on the <a href="Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a>, which was carried folded up and mounted on an external panel.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compartments also contained replacement <a href="Primary_life_support_system" title="Primary life support system">Portable Life Support System</a> (PLSS) batteries and extra <a href="Lithium_hydroxide" title="Lithium hydroxide">lithium hydroxide</a> canisters to purge <a href="Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> from the LM.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>Height: 10 ft 7.2 in (3.231 m) (plus 5 ft 7.2 in (1.707 m) landing probes)</li>

<li>Width/depth, minus landing gear: 13 ft 10 in (4.22 m)</li>

<li>Width/depth, landing gear extended: 31.0 ft (9.4 m)</li>

<li>Mass including propellant: 22,783 lb (10,334 kg)</li>

<li>Water: one 151 kg (333 lb) storage tank</li>

<li>DPS propellant mass: 18,000 lb (8,200 kg) stored in four 67.3-cubic-foot (1.906 m<sup>3</sup>) propellant tanks</li>

<li>DPS engine: <a href="TRW_Inc." title="TRW Inc.">TRW</a> <a href="Descent_Propulsion_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Descent Propulsion System">LM descent engine (LMDE)</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>DPS thrust: 10,125 lbf (45,040 N), throttleable between 10% and 60% of full thrust</li>

<li>DPS propellants: Aerozine 50 fuel / nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer</li>

<li>DPS pressurant: one 49-pound (22 kg) supercritical helium tank at 1,555 psi (10.72 MPa)</li>

<li>DPS <a href="Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">specific impulse</a>: 311 s (3,050 N×s/kg)</li>

<li>DPS <a href="Delta-v" title="Delta-v">delta-V</a>: 8,100 ft/s (2,500 m/s)</li>

<li>Batteries: four (Apollo 9–14) or five (Apollo 15–17) 28–32 V, 415 <a href="Ampere-hour" title="Ampere-hour">Ah</a> silver-zinc batteries; 135 lb (61 kg) each</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lunar_modules_produced">Lunar modules produced</h2></div>

<th>Serial number

</th>

<th>Name

</th>

<th>Use

</th>

<th>Launch date

</th>

<th>Location

</th>

<th>Image

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>LTA-1

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">Not flown

</td>

<td><a href="Cradle_of_Aviation_Museum" title="Cradle of Aviation Museum">Cradle of Aviation Museum</a> (Long Island, New York)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LTA-2R

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a href="Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a>

</td>

<td>April 4, 1968

</td>

<td>Re-entered Earth's atmosphere

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LTA-3A

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">Not flown

</td>

<td><a href="Kansas_Cosmosphere_and_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center">Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LTA-3DR

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">Non-flight descent stage

</td>

<td><a href="Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LTA-5D

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">Not flown

</td>

<td><a href="White_Sands_Test_Facility" title="White Sands Test Facility">White Sands Test Facility</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LTA-8A

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a href="List_of_Apollo_missions#Lunar_Module_Tests" title="List of Apollo missions">Thermal-vacuum tests</a>

</td>

<td>Ground tests in 1968

</td>

<td><a href="Space_Center_Houston" title="Space Center Houston">Space Center Houston</a><sup id="cite_ref-spacecenter1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacecenter1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LTA-10R

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a href="Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a>

</td>

<td>November 9, 1967

</td>

<td>Re-entered Earth's atmosphere<sup id="cite_ref-spacecenter1_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacecenter1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>MSC-16

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">Lunar Module Trainer

</td>

<td><a href="Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_(Chicago)" title="Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)">Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>TM-5

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">Non-flight

</td>

<td><a href="Museum_of_Life_and_Science" title="Museum of Life and Science">Museum of Life and Science</a> (Durham, North Carolina)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>PA-1

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">Not flown

</td>

<td><a href="White_Sands_Test_Facility" title="White Sands Test Facility">White Sands Test Facility</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LM-1

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a href="Apollo_5" title="Apollo 5">Apollo 5</a>

</td>

<td>January 22, 1968

</td>

<td>Re-entered Earth's atmosphere

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LM-2

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">Intended for second uncrewed flight, used instead for ground testing. Landing gear added for drop testing. Lacks Alignment Optical Telescope and flight computer<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td><a href="National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a> (Washington, D.C.)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LM-3

</td>

<td><i>Spider</i>

</td>

<td><a href="Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a>

</td>

<td>March 3, 1969

</td>

<td>Descent and ascent stages reentered Earth's atmosphere separately

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LM-4

</td>

<td><i>Snoopy</i>

</td>

<td><a href="Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a>

</td>

<td>May 18, 1969

</td>

<td>Descent stage may have hit the Moon, ascent stage in <a href="Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">heliocentric orbit</a>. <i>Snoopy</i> is the only flown LM ascent stage known to have survived intact (possibly asteroid 2018 AV2<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LM-5

</td>

<td><i><a href="Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Eagle</a></i>

</td>

<td><a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>

</td>

<td>July 16, 1969

</td>

<td>Descent stage on lunar surface in <a href="Mare_Tranquillitatis" title="Mare Tranquillitatis">Sea of Tranquility</a>, ascent stage left in lunar orbit (could be still orbiting the moon<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LM-6

</td>

<td><i>Intrepid</i>

</td>

<td><a href="Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>

</td>

<td>November 14, 1969

</td>

<td>Descent stage on lunar surface at <a href="Oceanus_Procellarum" title="Oceanus Procellarum">Ocean of Storms</a>, ascent stage deliberately crashed into Moon

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LM-7

</td>

<td><i>Aquarius</i>

</td>

<td><a href="Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>

</td>

<td>April 11, 1970

</td>

<td>Successfully served as a lifeboat for the crew for four days after the critical failure of the Service module. Re-entered Earth's atmosphere and burned up over Fiji

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LM-8

</td>

<td><i>Antares</i>

</td>

<td><a href="Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>

</td>

<td>January 31, 1971

</td>

<td>Descent stage on lunar surface at <a href="Fra_Mauro_formation" title="Fra Mauro formation">Fra Mauro</a>, ascent stage deliberately crashed into Moon

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LM-9

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">Not flown, intended as Apollo 15, last H-class mission

</td>

<td>On display at the <a href="Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> (Apollo/Saturn V Center)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LM-10

</td>

<td><i>Falcon</i>

</td>

<td><a href="Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>, first ELM

</td>

<td>July 26, 1971

</td>

<td>Descent stage on lunar surface at <a href="Hadley%E2%80%93Apennine" title="Hadley–Apennine">Hadley–Apennine</a>, ascent stage deliberately crashed into Moon

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LM-11

</td>

<td><i>Orion</i>

</td>

<td><a href="Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>

</td>

<td>April 16, 1972

</td>

<td>Descent stage on lunar surface at <a href="Descartes_Highlands" title="Descartes Highlands">Descartes Highlands</a>, ascent stage left in lunar orbit, crashed on Moon

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LM-12

</td>

<td><i>Challenger</i>

</td>

<td><a href="Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>

</td>

<td>December 7, 1972

</td>

<td>Descent stage on lunar surface at <a href="Taurus%E2%80%93Littrow" title="Taurus–Littrow">Taurus-Littrow</a>, ascent stage deliberately crashed into Moon

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LM-13 

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">Not flown, intended as <a href="Canceled_Apollo_missions" title="Canceled Apollo missions">Apollo 19</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br>

</td>

<td>Partially completed by <a href="Grumman" title="Grumman">Grumman</a>, restored and on display at <a href="Cradle_of_Aviation_Museum" title="Cradle of Aviation Museum">Cradle of Aviation Museum</a> (Long Island, New York). Also used during 1998 miniseries <i><a href="From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)" title="From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)">From the Earth to the Moon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LM-14 

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">Not flown, intended as <a href="Canceled_Apollo_missions" title="Canceled Apollo missions">Apollo 20</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States._Congress._House._Committee_on_Science_and_Astronautics1970[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidR79GAQAAMAAJpg834_834]_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States._Congress._House._Committee_on_Science_and_Astronautics1970[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidR79GAQAAMAAJpg834_834]-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>Incomplete, most likely scrapped<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LM-15 

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">Not flown, intended for modification into <a href="Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">Apollo Telescope Mount</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States._Congress._House._Committee_on_Science_and_Astronautics1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJ8ZGAQAAMAAJpg1021_1021]_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States._Congress._House._Committee_on_Science_and_Astronautics1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJ8ZGAQAAMAAJpg1021_1021]-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>Incomplete,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> scrapped<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="6">* For the location of LMs left on the Lunar surface, see <a href="List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">list of artificial objects on the Moon</a>.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_derivatives">Proposed derivatives</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Apollo Applications Program</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apollo_Telescope_Mount">Apollo Telescope Mount</h3></div>

<p>One proposed Apollo application was an orbital solar telescope constructed from a surplus LM with its descent engine replaced with a telescope controlled from the ascent stage cabin, the landing legs removed and four "windmill" solar panels extending from the descent stage quadrants. This would have been launched on an uncrewed Saturn IB, and docked with a crewed <a href="Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">command and service module</a>, named the Apollo Telescope Mission (ATM).

</p><p>This idea was later transferred to the original <a href="Wet_workshop" title="Wet workshop">wet workshop</a> design for the <i><a href="Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></i> orbital workshop and renamed the <a href="Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">Apollo Telescope Mount</a> to be docked on a side port of the workshop's multiple docking adapter (MDA).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Skylab changed to a "dry workshop" design pre-fabricated on the ground and launched on a Saturn V, the telescope was mounted on a hinged arm and controlled from inside the MDA.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the octagonal shape of the telescope container, solar panels and the Apollo Telescope Mount name were kept, though there was no longer any association with the LM.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> subsystem of the Apollo Telescope Mount included two VHF telemetry transmitters from the Apollo Saturn IB <a href="Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An instrument that was attached to the <i>Skylab</i> was a telescope designed to photograph the solar disk in <a href="X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> light. The imaging mirror is a prototype fabricated at the <a href="Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LM_Truck">LM Truck</h3></div>

<p>The Apollo LM Truck (also known as Lunar Payload Module) was a stand-alone LM descent stage intended to deliver up to 11,000 pounds (5.0 t) of payload to the Moon for an uncrewed landing.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique was intended to deliver equipment and supplies to a permanent crewed <a href="Lunar_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar base">lunar base</a>. As originally proposed, it would be launched on a Saturn V with a full Apollo crew to accompany it to lunar orbit and guide it to a landing next to the base; then the base crew would unload the "truck" while the orbiting crew returned to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later AAP plans, the LPM would have been delivered by an uncrewed lunar ferry vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depiction_in_film_and_television">Depiction in film and television</h2></div>

<p>The 1995 Ron Howard film <i><a href="Apollo_13_(film)" title="Apollo 13 (film)">Apollo 13</a></i>, a dramatization of that mission starring <a href="Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a>, <a href="Kevin_Bacon" title="Kevin Bacon">Kevin Bacon</a>, and <a href="Bill_Paxton" title="Bill Paxton">Bill Paxton</a>, was filmed using realistic spacecraft interior reconstructions of the <i>Aquarius</i> and the Command Module <i>Odyssey</i>. In 2013, in the television show <i><a href="Arrested_Development" title="Arrested Development">Arrested Development</a></i>, a fictionalized version of Howard is depicted as having the Apollo 11 "LEM" in his office, which his character claims was used to <a href="Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">fake the 1969 moon landing</a>.

</p><p>The development and construction of the lunar module is dramatized in the 1998 miniseries <i><a href="From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)" title="From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)">From the Earth to the Moon</a></i> episode entitled <a href="From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)#Episodes" title="From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)">"Spider"</a>. This is in reference to LM-3, used on Apollo 9, which the crew named <i>Spider</i> after its spidery appearance. The unused LM-13 stood in during the teleplay to depict LM-3 and LM-5, <i>Eagle</i>, used by Apollo 11.

</p><p>The Apollo 11 <a href="Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Lunar Module <i>Eagle</i></a> is depicted in the 2018 film <i><a href="First_Man_(film)" title="First Man (film)">First Man</a></i>, a biopic of <a href="Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>. The 2024 film <i><a href="Fly_Me_to_the_Moon_(2024_film)" title="Fly Me to the Moon (2024 film)">Fly Me to the Moon</a></i> is set against the backdrop of the Apollo 11 mission; in the film, the co-protagonist is tasked with creating a fake moon landing in case the actual mission fails.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> lands the <a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> <a href="Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Lunar Module <i>Eagle</i></a> on the Moon, July 20, 1969, creating <a href="Tranquility_Base" title="Tranquility Base">Tranquility Base</a>. Starts approximately 6200 feet from the surface.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a> lands <a href="Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> Lunar Module <i>Falcon</i> on the Moon on July 30, 1971, seen from the perspective of the Lunar Module Pilot. Starts at approximately 5000 feet from the surface.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Apollo 15 Lunar Module <i>Falcon</i> lifts off from the Moon, August 2, 1971. View from TV camera on the <a href="Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a>.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Apollo 15 Lunar Module liftoff. View from inside <i>Falcon</i>.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> Lunar Module <i>Challenger</i> liftoffs from the Moon on December 14, 1972. View from TV camera on the Lunar Roving Vehicle.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation manufacturing team with Lunar Module TM-5 ascent stage fuselage.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation manufacturing team with Lunar Module PA-1 ascent stage fuselage.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Two Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation Lunar Module ascent stage fuselages being moved to final assembly.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">A Lunar Module ascent stage fuselage being transported from Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation Plant 5 facility in Bethpage, Long Island, New York.</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="gallerytext">Equipment location plans (1 of 2)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Equipment location plans (2 of 2)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Controls plans</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Landing gear plans</div>

</li>

</ul>

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<ul><li><a href="List_of_crewed_lunar_lander_designs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of crewed lunar lander designs">List of crewed lunar lander designs</a></li>

<li><a href="LK_(spacecraft)" title="LK (spacecraft)">LK (spacecraft)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lanyue" title="Lanyue">Lanyue</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_escape_systems" title="Lunar escape systems">Lunar escape systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Rolls-Royce_Thrust_Measuring_Rig" title="Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig">Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig</a>, the 'Flying Bedstead'</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Moon Race: The History of Apollo</i> DVD, Columbia River Entertainment (Portland, Oregon, 2007)</span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFOrloff1996" class="citation book cs1">Orloff, Richard (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgetyson.com/files/apollostatistics.pdf"><i>Apollo by the Numbers</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a>. p. 22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222011513/http://georgetyson.com/files/apollostatistics.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/2013_NNSI_FY14(1).xlsx">"NASA New Start Inflation Indices"</a>. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624014744/http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/2013_NNSI_FY14(1).xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.american-spacecraft.org/lunar-modules/">"American Spacecraft | Lunar Modules"</a>. <i>www.american-spacecraft.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maksel, Rebecca, What's real and what's not? Air & Space, June/July 2013, pp. 20-21</span>

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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.american-spacecraft.org/lunar-modules/lm-2.html">"American Spacecraft | LM-2"</a>. <i>www.american-spacecraft.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/technology/new-evidence-suggests-apollo-11s-lunar-ascent-module-could-still-be-orbiting">"New Evidence Suggests Apollo 11's Lunar Ascent Module Could Still be Orbiting the Moon"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822180559/https://www.discovermagazine.com/technology/new-evidence-suggests-apollo-11s-lunar-ascent-module-could-still-be-orbiting">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.american-spacecraft.org/lunar-modules/lm-9.html">"American Spacecraft | LM-9"</a>. <i>www.american-spacecraft.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Congress._House._Committee_on_Science_and_Astronautics1970" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R79GAQAAMAAJ&pg=887"><i>1971 NASA Authorization: Hearings, Ninety-first Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 15695 (superseded by H.R. 16516) United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Astronautics</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1970. p. 887. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630045231/https://books.google.com/books?id=R79GAQAAMAAJ&pg=887">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMosher2019" class="citation news cs1">Mosher, Dave (October 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-lunar-modules-lm14-lm15-probably-turned-into-scrap-metal-2019-10">"NASA isn't sure what happened to one of its last Apollo moon landers. The truth is probably depressing"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200703054443/https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-lunar-modules-lm14-lm15-probably-turned-into-scrap-metal-2019-10">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Congress._House._Committee_on_Science_and_Astronautics1969" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J8ZGAQAAMAAJ&pg=1127"><i>1970 NASA Authorization: Hearings, Ninety-first Congress, First Session, on H.R. 4046, H.R. 10251 (superseded by H.R. 11271) United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Astronautics</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1969. pp. <span class="nowrap">1127–</span>1128. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726065830/https://books.google.com/books?id=J8ZGAQAAMAAJ&pg=1127">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States._Congress._House._Committee_on_Science_and_Astronautics1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJ8ZGAQAAMAAJpg1021_1021]-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States._Congress._House._Committee_on_Science_and_Astronautics1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJ8ZGAQAAMAAJpg1021_1021]_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnited_States._Congress._House._Committee_on_Science_and_Astronautics1969">United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Astronautics 1969</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J8ZGAQAAMAAJ&pg=1021">1021</a>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTousey1977" class="citation web cs1">Tousey, R. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasco-www.nrl.navy.mil/skylab/index.php?p=content%2Fskylab_atm&utm_source=chatgpt.com">"The SKYLAB Apollo Telescope Mount"</a>. <i>SKYLAB</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:3-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XDQVAAAAIAAJ"><i>1969 NASA Authorization: Hearings, Second Session, on H.R. 4046, H.R. 15086 (superseded by H.R. 15856) United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Astronautics</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. February 8, 1968. pp. <span class="nowrap">60–</span>61.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/telescope-mirror-x-ray-apollo-telescope-mount/nasm_A19740667000">"Telescope Mirror, X-ray, Apollo Telescope Mount"</a>. <i>National Air and Space Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/LM23_LM_Derivatives_LMD1-13.pdf"><i>APOLLO NEWS REFERENCE - LUNAR MODULE DERIVATIVES FOR FUTURE SPACE MISSIONS</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Grumman.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/craft/apotruck.htm">Apollo LM Truck on Mark Wade's Encyclopedia Astronautica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051215210907/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/apotruck.htm">Archived</a> December 15, 2005, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Description of adapted LM descent stage for the uncrewed transport of cargo to a permanent lunar base.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/LM23_LM_Derivatives_LMD1-13.pdf"><i>APOLLO NEWS REFERENCE - LUNAR MODULE DERIVATIVES FOR FUTURE SPACE MISSIONS</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Grumman.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Kelly, Thomas J. (2001). <i>Moon Lander: How We Developed the Apollo Lunar Module</i> (Smithsonian History of Aviation and Spaceflight Series). Smithsonian Institution Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-56098-998-X</bdi>.</li>

<li>Baker, David (1981). <i>The History of Manned Space Flight</i>. Crown Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-517-54377-X</bdi></li>

<li>Brooks, Courtney J., Grimwood, James M. and Swenson, Loyd S. Jr (1979) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4205/cover.html"><i>Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151020095653/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4205/cover.html">Archived</a> October 20, 2015, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NASA SP-4205.</li>

<li>Haeuplik-Meusburger S. (2011). Architecture for Astronauts. An Activity-based Approach. Springer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783709106662">[1]</a> <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-7091-0666-2</bdi></li>

<li>Pellegrino, Charles R. and Stoff, Joshua. (1985) <i>Chariots for Apollo: The Untold Story Behind the Race to the Moon</i>. Atheneum. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-689-11559-8</bdi> (This is not the NASA history series book of the same base title, above, but a totally unrelated work.)</li>

<li>Sullivan, Scott P. (2004) <i>Virtual LM: A Pictorial Essay of the Engineering and Construction of the Apollo Lunar Module</i>. <a href="Apogee_Books" title="Apogee Books">Apogee Books</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-894959-14-0</bdi></li>

<li>Stoff, Joshua. (2004) <i>Building Moonships: The Grumman Lunar Module</i>. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7385-3586-9</bdi></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/alsj-LMdocs.html">NASA Lunar Module Documentation</a> Lunar Surface Journal</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/moon/">Google Moon overview of Apollo landing sites</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-008C">NASA catalog: Apollo 14 Lunar Module</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UuRCwsGugg&t=4m50s">Demonstration of the Lunar Excursion Module and explanation of its systems</a> (1966, Thomas Kelly at Grumman plant on Long Island, episode of <i>Science Reporter</i>, MIT film posted to YouTube)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehartwell.com/LM//index.htm">Space/Craft Assembly & Test Remembered</a> – A site "dedicated to the men and women that designed, built and tested the Lunar Module at Grumman Aerospace Corporation, Bethpage, New York"</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225134225/http://www.airspacemag.com/space-exploration/the_bug.html?c=y&page=1">We Called It 'The Bug'</a>, By D.C. Agle, <i>Air & Space Magazine</i>, September 1, 2001 - Overview of LM descent</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11LM5structures.pdf">Apollo 11 LM Structures handout for LM-5</a> (PDF) – Training document given to astronauts which illustrates all discrete LM structures</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19710001731/downloads/19710001731.pdf">Apollo Operations Handbook, Lunar Module (LM 10 and Subsequent), Volume One. Subsystems Data</a> (PDF) Manufacturers Handbook covering the systems of the LM.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19710071423/downloads/19710071423.pdf">Apollo Operations Handbook, Lunar Module (LM 11 and Subsequent), Volume Two. Operational Procedures</a> Manufacturers Handbook covering the procedures used to fly the LM.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap15fj/lmactindex.html">Apollo 15 LM Activation Checklist for LM-10</a> – Checklist detailing how to prepare the LM for activation and flight during a mission</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928100354/http://www.maniacworld.com/lem-video-2.htm">Lunar module launch</a> video</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Games">Games</h3></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apollo_Lunar_Modules" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Apollo Lunar Modules">Apollo Lunar Modules</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=kristianseng.perilune">Perilune</a> 3D Procedural Lunar Lander Simulation</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lander.dunnbypaul.net">Lander</a> On-line 2D Lunar Module Landing Simulation Game</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205062826/http://easylander.com/">Easy Lander</a> 3D Lunar Module Landing Simulation Game</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Crewed_lunar_spacecraft53" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Crewed lunar spacecraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo command and service module</a></li>

<li>Cancelled

<li><a href="Soyuz_7K-L1" title="Soyuz 7K-L1">Zond (Soyuz 7K-L1)</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_7K-LOK" title="Soyuz 7K-LOK">LOK (Soyuz 7K-L3)</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Future

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway‎</a></li>

<li><a href="Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li>

<li><a href="Mengzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Mengzhou (spacecraft)">Mengzhou</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li>Canceled

<ul><li><a href="LK_(spacecraft)" title="LK (spacecraft)">Lunniy Korabl</a></li>

<li><a href="Altair_(spacecraft)" title="Altair (spacecraft)">Altair</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Future

<li><i><a href="Lanyue_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanyue (spacecraft)">Lanyue</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Starship HLS</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></li>

<li><a href="Boeing_Lunar_Lander" title="Boeing Lunar Lander">Boeing Lunar Lander</a></li>

<li><a href="Lockheed_Martin_Lunar_Lander" title="Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander">Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Moon landing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">List of artificial objects on the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apollo_program_hardware308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Apollo_program_hardware308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program hardware</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Little_Joe_II" title="Little Joe II">Little Joe II</a></li>

<li><a href="Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">Saturn I</a></li>

<li><a href="Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a></li>

<li><a href="Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicle<br>components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rocketdyne_F-1" title="Rocketdyne F-1">F-1 engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocketdyne_J-2" title="Rocketdyne J-2">J-2 engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Saturn_V_instrument_unit" title="Saturn V instrument unit">Instrument unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Launch_Vehicle_Digital_Computer" title="Launch Vehicle Digital Computer">Launch Vehicle Digital Computer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo </a>

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_command_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo command module">Apollo command module</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">Columbia</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_service_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo service module">Apollo service module</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><i><a href="Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Eagle</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft<br>components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_Abort_Guidance_System" title="Apollo Abort Guidance System">Apollo Abort Guidance System</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_Docking_Mechanism" title="Apollo Docking Mechanism">Apollo Docking Mechanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">Apollo Guidance Computer</a></li>

<li><a href="ALSE" title="ALSE">Lunar Sounder Experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_PGNCS" title="Apollo PGNCS">Primary guidance, navigation, and control system</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">Apollo Telescope Mount</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_TV_camera" title="Apollo TV camera">Apollo TV camera</a></li>

<li><a href="Descent_propulsion_system" title="Descent propulsion system">Descent propulsion system</a></li>

<li><a href="Ascent_propulsion_system" title="Ascent propulsion system">Ascent propulsion system</a></li>

<li><a href="Scimitar_antenna" title="Scimitar antenna">Scimitar antenna</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space suits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apollo/Skylab_spacesuit" title="Apollo/Skylab spacesuit">Apollo/Skylab A7L</a>

<ul><li><a href="Beta_cloth" title="Beta cloth">Beta cloth</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_Micrometeoroid_Garment" title="Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment">Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lunar surface<br>equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Primary_life_support_system" title="Primary life support system">Portable Life Support System</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Laser_Ranging_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Laser Ranging experiment">Lunar Laser Ranging experiment</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_retroreflectors_on_the_Moon" title="List of retroreflectors on the Moon">list of retroreflectors</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Solar_Wind_Composition_Experiment" title="Solar Wind Composition Experiment">Solar Wind Composition Experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package</a>

<ul><li><a href="Active_Seismic_Experiment" title="Active Seismic Experiment">Active Seismic Experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_12_Passive_Seismic_Experiment" title="Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment">Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_14_Passive_Seismic_Experiment" title="Apollo 14 Passive Seismic Experiment">Apollo 14 Passive Seismic Experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Charged_Particle_Lunar_Environment_Experiment" title="Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment">Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Ejecta_and_Meteorites_(experiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites (experiment)">Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_Wind_Spectrometer" title="Solar Wind Spectrometer">Solar Wind Spectrometer Experiment</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Modular_Equipment_Transporter" title="Modular Equipment Transporter">Modular Equipment Transporter</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Seismic_Profiling_Experiment" title="Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment">Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Surface_Gravimeter" title="Lunar Surface Gravimeter">Lunar Surface Gravimeter</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Surface_Magnetometer" title="Lunar Surface Magnetometer">Lunar Surface Magnetometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Traverse_Gravimeter" title="Lunar Traverse Gravimeter">Lunar Traverse Gravimeter</a></li>

<li><a href="Cold_Cathode_Gauge_Experiment" title="Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment">Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_Flow_Experiment" title="Heat Flow Experiment">Heat Flow Experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Suprathermal_Ion_Detector_Experiment" title="Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment">Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mobile_launcher_platform#Saturn_V_and_Space_Shuttle" title="Mobile launcher platform">Mobile Launcher</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_launch_umbilical_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo launch umbilical tower">Launch Umbilical Tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-transporter</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle" title="Lunar Landing Research Vehicle">Lunar Landing Research Vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_quarantine_facility" title="Mobile quarantine facility">Mobile quarantine facility</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaque</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Flag_Assembly" title="Lunar Flag Assembly">Lunar Flag Assembly</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_escape_systems" title="Lunar escape systems">Lunar escape systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Rendezvous_Docking_Simulator" title="Rendezvous Docking Simulator">Rendezvous Docking Simulator</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Moon_Museum" title="Moon Museum">Moon Museum</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category:Apollo program hardware</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apollo_program491" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Apollo_program491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">List of missions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Canceled_Apollo_missions" title="Canceled Apollo missions">canceled missions</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch complexes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_34" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 34">Launch Complex 34</a></li>

<li><a href="Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_37" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 37">Launch Complex 37</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="15" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center#Gemini_and_Apollo_(1965-1975)" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Kennedy Air Force Station</a></li>

<li><a href="Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-transporter</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Little_Joe_II" title="Little Joe II">Little Joe II</a></li>

<li><a href="Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a>

<ul><li><a href="Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">Saturn I</a></li>

<li><a href="Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a></li>

<li><a href="Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft and rover</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo spacecraft</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and Service Module</a></li>

</ul></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uncrewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_5" title="Apollo 5">Apollo 5</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a><sup>†</sup></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a><sup>†</sup></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saturn<br>development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Saturn_I_SA-1" title="Saturn I SA-1">Saturn-Apollo 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Apollo_abort_modes" title="Apollo abort modes">Abort tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Pad_Abort_Test_1" title="Pad Abort Test 1">Pad Abort Test-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Pad_Abort_Test_2" title="Pad Abort Test 2">Pad Abort Test-2</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pegasus_(satellite)" title="Pegasus (satellite)">Pegasus</a> flights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 8 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Genesis reading</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 11 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">Command Module <i>Columbia</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Lunar Module <i>Eagle</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Tranquility_Base" title="Tranquility Base">Tranquility Base</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_(lunar_crater)" title="Double (lunar crater)">Double crater</a></li>

<li><a href="Little_West_(lunar_crater)" title="Little West (lunar crater)">Little West crater</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Goodwill messages</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 11 lunar sample display">Lunar sample displays</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_11_missing_tapes" title="Apollo 11 missing tapes">Missing tapes</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11 anniversaries">Anniversaries</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_11_50th_Anniversary_commemorative_coins" title="Apollo 11 50th Anniversary commemorative coins">50th Anniversary commemorative coins</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_11_in_popular_culture" title="Apollo 11 in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 12 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mare_Cognitum#Statio_Cognitum" title="Mare Cognitum">Statio Cognitum</a>

<ul><li><a href="Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">Surveyor 3</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_(crater)" title="Surveyor (crater)">Surveyor crater</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bench_Crater_meteorite" title="Bench Crater meteorite">Bench Crater meteorite</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Moon_Museum" title="Moon Museum">Moon Museum</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Reports_of_Streptococcus_mitis_on_the_Moon" title="Reports of Streptococcus mitis on the Moon">Reports of <i>Streptococcus mitis</i> on the Moon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 13 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Houston%2C_we_have_a_problem" title="Houston, we have a problem">"Houston, we've had a problem"</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 14 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Modular_Equipment_Transporter" title="Modular Equipment Transporter">Modular Equipment Transporter</a></li>

<li><a href="Fra_Mauro_formation" title="Fra Mauro formation">Fra Mauro formation</a></li>

<li><a href="Big_Bertha_(lunar_sample)" title="Big Bertha (lunar sample)">Big Bertha</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 15 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Journey_of_Apollo_15_to_the_Moon" title="Journey of Apollo 15 to the Moon">Journey</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_15_operations_on_the_Lunar_surface" title="Apollo 15 operations on the Lunar surface">Lunar operations</a></li>

<li><a href="Solo_operations_of_Apollo_15" title="Solo operations of Apollo 15">Solo operations</a></li>

<li><a href="Return_of_Apollo_15_to_Earth" title="Return of Apollo 15 to Earth">Return to Earth</a></li>

<li><a href="Hadley%E2%80%93Apennine" title="Hadley–Apennine">Hadley–Apennine</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Genesis_Rock" title="Genesis Rock">Genesis Rock</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Scott_(lunar_sample)" title="Great Scott (lunar sample)">Great Scott</a></li>

<li><a href="Hadley_Rille_meteorite" title="Hadley Rille meteorite">Hadley Rille meteorite</a></li>

<li><a href="Seatbelt_basalt" title="Seatbelt basalt">Seatbelt basalt</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Postal covers incident</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 16 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Big_Muley" title="Big Muley">Big Muley</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 17 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Taurus%E2%80%93Littrow" title="Taurus–Littrow">Taurus–Littrow</a></li>

<li><a href="Tracy's_Rock" title="Tracy's Rock">Tracy's Rock</a></li>

<li><a href="Nansen-Apollo_(crater)" title="Nansen-Apollo (crater)">Nansen-Apollo crater</a></li>

<li><a href="Shorty_(crater)" title="Shorty (crater)">Shorty crater</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_17_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 17 lunar sample display">Lunar sample display</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_basalt_70017" title="Lunar basalt 70017">Lunar basalt 70017</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Troctolite_76535" title="Troctolite 76535">Troctolite 76535</a></li>

<li><a href="ALSE" title="ALSE">Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Fe%2C_Fi%2C_Fo%2C_Fum%2C_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Post-Apollo</a><br>capsule use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a>

<li><a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_orbit_rendezvous" title="Lunar orbit rendezvous">Lunar orbit rendezvous</a></li>

<li><a href="Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">Stolen and missing Moon rocks</a></li>

<li><a href="Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li>Symbol <sup>†</sup> indicates failure or partial failure</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon450" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon450" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">People who have traveled to the Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_people_who_have_walked_on_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who have walked on the Moon">Walked on the Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> (<a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> (<a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a> (<a href="Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan Bean</a> (<a href="Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> (<a href="Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Edgar_Mitchell" title="Edgar Mitchell">Edgar Mitchell</a> (<a href="Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a> (<a href="Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="James_Irwin" title="James Irwin">James Irwin</a> (<a href="Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a> (<a href="Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Charles_Duke" title="Charles Duke">Charles Duke</a> (<a href="Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison Schmitt</a> (<a href="Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Gene Cernan</a> (<a href="Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Apollo_astronauts#Apollo_astronauts_who_flew_to_the_Moon_without_landing" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Flew to the Moon<br>without landing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> (<a href="Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> (<a href="Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (<a href="Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>, <a href="Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Thomas Stafford</a> (<a href="Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a> (<a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Richard_F._Gordon_Jr." title="Richard F. Gordon Jr.">Dick Gordon</a> (<a href="Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Fred_Haise" title="Fred Haise">Fred Haise</a> (<a href="Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Jack_Swigert" title="Jack Swigert">Jack Swigert</a> (<a href="Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Stuart_Roosa" title="Stuart Roosa">Stuart Roosa</a> (<a href="Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Alfred_Worden" title="Alfred Worden">Al Worden</a> (<a href="Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ken_Mattingly" title="Ken Mattingly">Ken Mattingly</a> (<a href="Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ronald_Evans_(astronaut)" title="Ronald Evans (astronaut)">Ronald Evans</a> (<a href="Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and Service Module</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration of the Moon</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon302" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon302" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Spacecraft missions</a> to the <a href="Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%"><a href="Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration</a><br>programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="NASA" title="NASA">American</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li>

<li><a href="Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">Chinese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chang'e</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="ISRO" title="ISRO">Indian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">Japanese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Japanese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Japanese Lunar Exploration Program">Japanese Lunar Exploration Program</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">South Korean</a>

<ul><li><a href="Korean_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Korean Lunar Exploration Program">Korean Lunar Exploration Program</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian</a>

<li><a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Crewed</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Active<br>missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="THEMIS#ARTEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li>

<li><a href="CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li>

<li><a href="Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao 1 and 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu-1</a></li>

<li><a href="ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chang'e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ArgoMoon" title="ArgoMoon">ArgoMoon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Past<br>missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></i></li>

<li>(<a href="List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Clementine_(spacecraft)" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a></li>

<li><a href="Explorer_35" title="Explorer 35">Explorer 35</a></li>

<li><a href="GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li>

<li><a href="Hiten_(spacecraft)" title="Hiten (spacecraft)">Hiten</a></li>

<li><a href="LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Orbiter_1" title="Lunar Orbiter 1">Lunar Orbiter 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a></li>

<li><a href="SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a></li>

<li><a href="SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Trailblazer" title="Lunar Trailblazer">Lunar Trailblazer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Impactors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_4" title="Ranger 4">Ranger 4</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Blue_Ghost_Mission_1" title="Blue Ghost Mission 1"><i>Blue Ghost</i> M1</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Jinchan</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaoki" title="Yaoki">Yaoki</a></li>

<li>Micro-Nova</li>

<li>AstroAnt</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample return</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Failed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></li>

<li><a href="Emirates_Lunar_Mission" title="Emirates Lunar Mission">Emirates Lunar Mission</a></li>

<li><a href="Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R M1</a></li>

<li><a href="OMOTENASHI" title="OMOTENASHI">OMOTENASHI</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrayaan-2#Vikram_lander" title="Chandrayaan-2">Vikram</a></li>

<li><a href="Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One"><i>Peregrine</i></a></li></ul>

<li><i><a href="Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li>

<li><a href="Geotail" title="Geotail">Geotail</a></li>

<li><a href="Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></li>

<li><a href="Chang'e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Polar_Hydrogen_Mapper" title="Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper">LunaH-Map</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_IceCube" title="Lunar IceCube">Lunar IceCube</a></li>

<li><a href="LunIR" title="LunIR">LunIR</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></li>

<li><a href="Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a></li>

<li><a href="Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_4" title="Pioneer 4">Pioneer 4</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_5" title="Ranger 5">Ranger 5</a></li>

<li><a href="STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Planned<br>missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><i><a href="Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blue_Moon_Mark_1_Pathfinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Moon Mark 1 Pathfinder">Blue Moon Pathfinder</a> (2025)</li>

<li><a href="Griffin_Mission_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Griffin Mission 1"><i>Griffin</i> M1</a> (2025)</li>

<li><a href="Blue_Ghost_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Ghost Mission 2"><i>Blue Ghost</i> M2</a> (2026)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">CLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chang'e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a> (2026)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">5 (LUPEX)</a> (2028)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="Korean_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Korean Lunar Exploration Program">KLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Korean_lunar_lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean lunar lander">Korean lunar lander</a> (2032)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">ispace M3</a> (2026)</li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Pathfinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Pathfinder">Lunar Pathfinder</a> (2026)</li>

<li><a href="DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY<sup>+</sup></a> (2028)</li>

<li><a href="Cislunar_Explorers" title="Cislunar Explorers">Cislunar Explorers</a> (2020s)</li>

<li><a href="Astrobotic_Technology#Rovers" title="Astrobotic Technology">MoonRanger</a> (2020s)</li>

<li><a href="Argonaut_(lunar_lander)" title="Argonaut (lunar lander)">Argonaut M1</a> (2031)</li>

<li><a href="International_Lunar_Research_Station" title="International Lunar Research Station">International Lunar Research Station</a> (2030s)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Proposed<br>missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Robotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Planetary_Transportation_Systems" title="Planetary Transportation Systems">ALINA</a></li>

<li><a href="Draper_Laboratory#Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Draper Laboratory">Artemis-7</a></li>

<li><a href="Beresheet_2" title="Beresheet 2">Beresheet 2</a></li>

<li><a href="BOLAS_(spacecraft)" title="BOLAS (spacecraft)">BOLAS</a></li>

<li><a href="Garat%C3%A9a-L" title="Garatéa-L">Garatéa-L</a></li>

<li><a href="ISOCHRON_(spacecraft)" title="ISOCHRON (spacecraft)">ISOCHRON</a></li>

<li><a href="LunaNet" title="LunaNet">LunaNet</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Crater_Radio_Telescope" title="Lunar Crater Radio Telescope">Lunar Crater Radio Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="McCandless_Lunar_Lander" title="McCandless Lunar Lander">McCandless</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="DSE-Alpha" title="DSE-Alpha">DSE-Alpha</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Boeing_Lunar_Lander" title="Boeing Lunar Lander">Boeing Lunar Lander</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Lockheed_Martin_Lunar_Lander" title="Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander">Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Cancelled /<br>concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Altair_(spacecraft)" title="Altair (spacecraft)">Altair</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_1" title="Baden-Württemberg 1">Baden-Württemberg 1</a></li>

<li><i><a href="DearMoon_project" title="DearMoon project">#dearMoon project</a></i></li>

<li><a href="European_Lunar_Explorer" title="European Lunar Explorer">European Lunar Explorer</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Lunar_Outpost" title="First Lunar Outpost">First Lunar Outpost</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Lunar_Network" title="International Lunar Network">International Lunar Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar-A" title="Lunar-A">Lunar-A</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Mission_One" title="Lunar Mission One">Lunar Mission One</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Lunar Observer</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunokhod_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunokhod 3">Lunokhod 3</a></li>

<li><a href="MoonLITE" title="MoonLITE">MoonLITE</a></li>

<li><a href="MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li>

<li><a href="OrbitBeyond" title="OrbitBeyond">OrbitBeyond</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Harvest_Moon" title="Project Harvest Moon">Project Harvest Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Prospector_(spacecraft)" title="Prospector (spacecraft)">Prospector</a></li>

<li><a href="Resource_Prospector_(rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource Prospector (rover)">Resource Prospector</a></li>

<li><a href="SELENE-2" title="SELENE-2">SELENE-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrselena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrselena">Ukrselena</a></li>

<li><a href="VIPER_(rover)" title="VIPER (rover)">VIPER</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization of the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Google Lunar X Prize</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">List of artificial objects on the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_species_that_have_landed_on_the_Moon" title="List of species that have landed on the Moon">List of species that have landed on the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a></li>

<li><a href="Fe%2C_Fi%2C_Fo%2C_Fum%2C_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li>

<li><a href="Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11 anniversaries">Apollo 11 anniversaries</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_crewed_lunar_landers" title="List of crewed lunar landers">List of crewed lunar landers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><div>

<ul><li>Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crewed_spacecraft_(programs)125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Crewed_spacecraft_(programs)125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">Crewed spacecraft</a> (<a href="Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>China

<ul><li><a href="Shenzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Shenzhou (spacecraft)">Shenzhou</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Russia

<ul><li><a href="Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li></ul></li>

<li>United States

<ul><li><a href="SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Crew Dragon</a></li>

<li><a href="Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Starliner</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Soviet Union

<ul><li><a href="Vostok_(spacecraft)" title="Vostok (spacecraft)">Vostok</a></li>

<li><a href="Voskhod_(spacecraft)" title="Voskhod (spacecraft)">Voskhod</a></li>

<li><a href="Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran</a></li></ul></li>

<li>United States

<li><a href="Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and service module</a></li>

</ul></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li>

<li><a href="SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a></li>

<li><a href="SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>China

<ul><li><a href="Mengzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Mengzhou (spacecraft)">Mengzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Lanyue_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanyue (spacecraft)">Lanyue</a></li></ul></li>

<li>India

<ul><li><a href="Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Russia

<li>United States

<ul><li><a href="Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li>

<li><a href="SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">Starship</a>

<ul><li><a href="Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Starship HLS</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>United States

<ul><li><a href="SpaceShip_III" title="SpaceShip III">SpaceShip III</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA578" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="NASA578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br>(<a href="Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li>

<li><a href="Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li>

<li><a href="Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li>

<li><a href="Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li>

<li><a href="Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li>

<li><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li>

<li><a href="Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li>

<li><a href="Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li>

<li><a href="President's_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li>

<li><a href="Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a>

<ul><li><a href="Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li>

<li><a href="Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a>

<ul><li><a href="NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li>

<li><a href="Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li>

<li><a href="Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br>programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li>

<li><a href="Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li>

<li><a href="Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li>

<li><a href="Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li>

<li><a href="MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Surveyor_'98" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li>

<li><a href="Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li>

<li><a href="Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li>

<li><a href="Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li>

<li><a href="Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br> <a href="List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br>(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li>

<li><a href="GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li>

<li><a href="Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li>

<li><a href="LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li>

<li><i><a href="MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li>

<li><a href="Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li>

<li><i><a href="InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br>operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li>

<li><a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li>

<li><a href="Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope"><i>Hubble</i> Space Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory"><i>Chandra</i> X-ray Observatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li>

<li><a href="THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-APEX</a></i></li>

<ul><li><a href="Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope"><i>James Webb</i> Space Telescope</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope"><i>Nancy Grace Roman</i> Space Telescope</a></li>

<li><i><a href="DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br>and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li>

<li><a href="Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li>

<li><a href="Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a>

<li><a href="List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br>and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i>

<li><i><a href="Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li>

<li><a href="List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li>

<li><a href="Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li>

<li><a href="Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day" title="Astronomy Picture of the Day">Astronomy Picture of the Day</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>"<a href="We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Astronaut_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a>

<ul><li><a href="Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li>

<li><a href="Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li>

<li><a href="Fe%2C_Fi%2C_Fo%2C_Fum%2C_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li>

<li><a href="Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li>

<li><a href="Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208382#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata644" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208382#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata644" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85078854">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007538680505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/f15184ba-70a5-4782-ad19-0ffa83f3a46f">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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